Representativeness disclaimer

These analyses are based on responses collected from 7961 caregivers between the dates of April 06, 2020 and September 03, 2020. These caregivers represent a range of voices: 10.34% are Black/African American, 19.82% are LatinX, and 27.12% live at or below 1.5 times the federal poverty line. Proportions/percentages are calculated based on the item-level response rates, not out of the total sample size. The data for these analyses are not weighted.

Economic Stability

Receiving public benefits

Are you receiving any sort of public or employment benefits? ex. Federal cash assistance programs such as the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Social Security Income (SSI). OR, Federal-in kind benefit programs such as Medicaid, Food Stamps and Housing.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2007)\)
  • No \((N = 4730)\)
  • Didn’t Qualify \((N = 975)\)
  • Intend to apply \((N = 229)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.03 .854
Intend to apply 1.54 .214
No 7.28 .007
Yes 7.34 .007

West

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 1.78 .182
Intend to apply 0.07 .793
No 6.10 .013
Yes 3.54 .060

Northeast

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 2.55 .111
Intend to apply 2.87 .090
No 0.00 > .999
Yes 0.26 .613

Midwest

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.06 .812
Intend to apply 0.05 .831
No 0.19 .667
Yes 0.34 .559

Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 2.93 .087
Intend to apply 6.59 .010
No 42.97 < .001
Yes 59.30 < .001

LatinX

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 0.10 .756
Intend to apply 0.16 .690
No 6.49 .011
Yes 8.71 .003

Low income

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 36.36 < .001
Intend to apply 9.15 .002
No 574.92 < .001
Yes 938.60 < .001

Income by Employment

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 48.14 < .001
Intend to apply 13.15 .004
No 684.97 < .001
Yes 1021.43 < .001

Income by Black/African American

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 38.26 < .001
Intend to apply 13.22 .004
No 585.68 < .001
Yes 951.16 < .001

Income by Latinx

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 38.27 < .001
Intend to apply 11.65 .009
No 583.67 < .001
Yes 946.55 < .001

Income by South

public_benefits statistic p.value
Didn’t Qualify 38.27 < .001
Intend to apply 11.65 .009
No 583.67 < .001
Yes 946.55 < .001

Which public benefits

What types of benefits are you receiving? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Health/Medical \((N = 1094)\)
    • Food \((N = 462)\)
    • Income (not icluding federal stimulus checks) \((N = 266)\)
    • Disability (not military) \((N = 284)\)
    • Military Pension \((N = 5)\)
    • Military Disability \((N = )\)
    • Military Medical Care \((N = 7)\)
    • Military (any benefit, including pension, disability, etc) \((N = 132)\)
    • Housing Subsidy \((N = 62)\)
    • Child Care Subsidy \((N = 43)\)
    • Other \((N = 37)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Health 3.34 .068
Food 2.81 .094
Income 0.17 .683
Disability 0.22 .638
Military pension 2.72 .099
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.56 .456
Military 0.30 .587
Housing 0.01 .912
Childcare 0.02 .877
Other 0.31 .578

West

key statistic p.value
Health 0.67 .415
Food 0.17 .679
Income 0.05 .828
Disability 0.72 .396
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.21 .647
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 7.23 .007
Housing 8.26 .004
Childcare 0.00 > .999
Other 0.05 .824

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Health 3.53 .060
Food 0.28 .597
Income 1.46 .227
Disability 5.86 .015
Military pension 0.13 .716
Military disability 0.04 .850
Military medical 0.16 .692
Military 4.88 .027
Housing 7.87 .005
Childcare 3.75 .053
Other 0.40 .528

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Health 0.19 .661
Food 0.81 .368
Income 0.69 .405
Disability 6.32 .012
Military pension 0.41 .520
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 0.00 > .999
Military 0.01 .922
Housing 0.54 .461
Childcare 2.10 .147
Other 0.02 .875

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 7.19 .007
Food 45.97 < .001
Income 58.68 < .001
Disability 0.44 .507
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.00 > .999
Military medical 4.75 .029
Military 8.82 .003
Housing 14.01 < .001
Childcare 0.98 .321
Other 0.11 .740

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 3.46 .063
Food 0.89 .345
Income 1.76 .185
Disability 0.00 .994
Military pension 0.29 .588
Military disability 0.74 .391
Military medical 0.01 .939
Military 0.00 .957
Housing 3.52 .061
Childcare 0.01 .935
Other 0.56 .455

Low income

key statistic p.value
Health 433.99 < .001
Food 169.19 < .001
Income 97.12 < .001
Disability 76.44 < .001
Military pension 0.00 > .999
Military disability 0.05 .828
Military medical 0.71 .399
Military 82.21 < .001
Housing 15.26 < .001
Childcare 1.16 .282
Other 14.75 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Health 463.43 < .001
Food 174.41 < .001
Income 99.29 < .001
Disability 152.39 < .001
Military pension 5.44 .143
Military disability 1.43 .698
Military medical 2.86 .413
Military 103.12 < .001
Housing 18.08 < .001
Childcare 1.63 .653
Other 21.58 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Health 435.28 < .001
Food 191.24 < .001
Income 147.66 < .001
Disability 75.36 < .001
Military pension 6.51 .089
Military disability 1.21 .751
Military medical 4.17 .244
Military 96.61 < .001
Housing 24.38 < .001
Childcare 3.64 .303
Other 16.95 .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Health 456.81 < .001
Food 181.31 < .001
Income 104.41 < .001
Disability 77.47 < .001
Military pension 4.73 .193
Military disability 14.63 .002
Military medical 3.18 .365
Military 90.05 < .001
Housing 30.65 < .001
Childcare 6.53 .088
Other 23.31 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Health 435.54 < .001
Food 168.32 < .001
Income 100.40 < .001
Disability 83.06 < .001
Military pension 1.89 .595
Military disability 2.40 .493
Military medical 2.07 .557
Military 83.50 < .001
Housing 21.44 < .001
Childcare 2.26 .521
Other 19.99 < .001

Receiving federal stimulus check

Have you received a federal stimulus check this year? (Also known as an economic impact payment) (Note: Weeks 3-8 separate this into two questions, one that asks whether participants have received a check (Yes, No, Unsure, Other) and another that asks if they expect to receive one, only presented if they respond “No” to the prior question. These were combined for the present analyses.)

Options:

  • Yes, I have received a federal stimulus check \((N = 5635)\)
    • No, but I expect to receive a federal stimulus check in the near future \((N = 409)\)
    • No, and I DO NOT expect to receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 621)\)
    • Unsure if I will receive a federal stimulus check \((N = 206)\)
    • Other \((N = 72)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.00 .955
No, not expected 0.00 > .999
Other 0.00 .950
Unsure 0.16 .688
Yes 0.00 .948

West

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 2.86 .091
No, not expected 8.25 .004
Other 0.02 .879
Unsure 6.57 .010
Yes 19.05 < .001

Northeast

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 0.00 > .999
No, not expected 0.00 > .999
Other 0.46 .499
Unsure 0.71 .400
Yes 0.36 .550

Midwest

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 3.56 .059
No, not expected 9.58 .002
Other 0.01 .939
Unsure 1.89 .169
Yes 16.00 < .001

Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 24.72 < .001
No, not expected 1.93 .165
Other 0.09 .769
Unsure 1.43 .232
Yes 5.70 .017

LatinX

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 1.91 .167
No, not expected 3.95 .047
Other 0.25 .618
Unsure 6.96 .008
Yes 13.52 < .001

Low income

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 3.36 .067
No, not expected 0.09 .759
Other 33.23 < .001
Unsure 4.45 .035
Yes 1.11 .292

Income by Employment

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 6.96 .073
No, not expected 1.75 .626
Other 37.97 < .001
Unsure 8.11 .044
Yes 1.44 .695

Income by Black/African American

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 31.61 < .001
No, not expected 0.64 .888
Other 36.32 < .001
Unsure 8.28 .041
Yes 11.55 .009

Income by Latinx

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 5.17 .160
No, not expected 6.32 .097
Other 39.87 < .001
Unsure 12.08 .007
Yes 15.16 .002

Income by South

federal_stim statistic p.value
No, expected 5.17 .160
No, not expected 6.32 .097
Other 39.87 < .001
Unsure 12.08 .007
Yes 15.16 .002

Family Income

Which of the following best describes what has happened to your family income during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic? (Note that in weeks 1-6 and 10-12, there were 5 response options, including decreased very much, decreased somewhat, etc). These were collapsed to allow for assessment across all weeks

Options:

  • Has decreased \((N = 3388)\)
    • Has stayed the same \((N = 3364)\)
    • Has increased \((N = 1158)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 10.51 .001
Increased 8.51 .004
Stayed the same 1.30 .254

West

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 0.58 .447
Increased 0.30 .585
Stayed the same 1.39 .238

Northeast

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 8.68 .003
Increased 0.52 .471
Stayed the same 5.79 .016

Midwest

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 3.77 .052
Increased 4.22 .040
Stayed the same 0.20 .653

Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 5.85 .016
Increased 0.00 > .999
Stayed the same 5.98 .014

LatinX

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 17.94 < .001
Increased 0.04 .834
Stayed the same 19.54 < .001

Low income

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 97.71 < .001
Increased 1.89 .169
Stayed the same 119.33 < .001

Income by Employment

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 239.50 < .001
Increased 20.47 < .001
Stayed the same 208.49 < .001

Income by Black/African American

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 87.36 < .001
Increased 5.04 .169
Stayed the same 114.41 < .001

Income by Latinx

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 95.33 < .001
Increased 4.38 .223
Stayed the same 124.73 < .001

Income by South

income_change statistic p.value
Decreased 95.33 < .001
Increased 4.38 .223
Stayed the same 124.73 < .001

Family Financial Status

Which of the following best describes your family financially at this time?

Options:

  • No problems \((N = 2281)\)
    • Minor problems \((N = 4058)\)
    • Major problems \((N = 1234)\)
    • Extreme problems \((N = 377)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 19.05 < .001
Minor 0.02 .889
Major 13.92 < .001
Extreme 6.09 .014

West

financial_status statistic p.value
None 6.48 .011
Minor 0.13 .715
Major 1.03 .309
Extreme 7.19 .007

Northeast

financial_status statistic p.value
None 7.22 .007
Minor 0.93 .336
Major 4.03 .045
Extreme 0.00 > .999

Midwest

financial_status statistic p.value
None 0.01 .926
Minor 1.18 .278
Major 1.82 .177
Extreme 0.00 > .999

Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 27.79 < .001
Minor 0.06 .812
Major 9.46 .002
Extreme 27.03 < .001

LatinX

financial_status statistic p.value
None 41.94 < .001
Minor 1.77 .183
Major 27.78 < .001
Extreme 2.27 .132

Low income

financial_status statistic p.value
None 411.82 < .001
Minor 2.00 .158
Major 241.56 < .001
Extreme 179.84 < .001

Income by Employment

financial_status statistic p.value
None 508.80 < .001
Minor 38.98 < .001
Major 348.28 < .001
Extreme 291.94 < .001

Income by Black/African American

financial_status statistic p.value
None 425.35 < .001
Minor 5.87 .118
Major 247.66 < .001
Extreme 203.85 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.018
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.045
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

financial_status statistic p.value
None 443.24 < .001
Minor 4.00 .261
Major 265.92 < .001
Extreme 185.24 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.018
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.045
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by South

financial_status statistic p.value
None 443.24 < .001
Minor 4.00 .261
Major 265.92 < .001
Extreme 185.24 < .001

Physical Health

Well-baby/Well-child Checkup

Have you missed a well-baby/well-child checkup since the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic began?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5641)\)
    • Yes \((N = 2301)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 5.08 .024
Yes 5.08 .024

West

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 7.04 .008
Yes 7.04 .008

Northeast

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 3.06 .080
Yes 3.06 .080

Midwest

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.66 .198
Yes 1.66 .198

Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 1.38 .239
Yes 1.38 .239

LatinX

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 14.91 < .001
Yes 14.91 < .001

Low income

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 34.34 < .001
Yes 34.34 < .001

Income by Employment

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 45.71 < .001
Yes 45.71 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 45.89 < .001
Yes 45.89 < .001

Income by Latinx

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 41.64 < .001
Yes 41.64 < .001

Income by South

missed_wellbaby statistic p.value
No 41.64 < .001
Yes 41.64 < .001

Missed vaccine

[If yes missed well-baby] [asked for up to five children] Did they miss a scheduled vaccine at this visit?

Options:

  • No \((N = 5762)\)
    • Yes \((N = 304)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.01 .913
Yes 0.01 .913

West

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0 > .999
Yes 0 > .999

Northeast

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 1.11 .293
Yes 1.11 .293

Midwest

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 1.18 .277
Yes 1.18 .277

Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 0.03 .856
Yes 0.03 .856

LatinX

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 7.48 .006
Yes 7.48 .006

Low income

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 10.96 .001
Yes 10.96 .001

Income by Employment

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 29.23 < .001
Yes 29.23 < .001

Income by Black/African American

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 13.19 .004
Yes 13.19 .004

Income by Latinx

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 17.92 < .001
Yes 17.92 < .001

Income by South

missed_vaccine statistic p.value
No 17.92 < .001
Yes 17.92 < .001

Barriers to well-child

● What prevented you from going to a well-baby checkup? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Cost \((N = 200)\)
    • Unable to get time away from work \((N = 166)\)
    • Inability to find childcare \((N = 281)\)
    • Concern over exposure to coronavirus (COVID-19) \((N = 1788)\)
    • Caring for family members \((N = 173)\)
    • Vaccine hesitancy \((N = 146)\)
    • Other, please describe \((N = 372)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Cost 1.36 .243
Time away from work 0.54 .461
Inability find childcare 0.00 .986
Concern for covid 0.56 .454
Caring for family 0.05 .829
Vaccine hesitancy 0.17 .681
Other 13.77 < .001

West

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.02 .881
Time away from work 0.99 .321
Inability find childcare 1.18 .278
Concern for covid 2.05 .152
Caring for family 1.08 .299
Vaccine hesitancy 5.58 .018
Other 0.63 .428

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Cost 2.03 .155
Time away from work 1.81 .178
Inability find childcare 0.06 .803
Concern for covid 3.66 .056
Caring for family 1.21 .272
Vaccine hesitancy 6.80 .009
Other 1.41 .236

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Cost 0.01 .939
Time away from work 0.53 .467
Inability find childcare 0.60 .437
Concern for covid 1.03 .311
Caring for family 0.16 .693
Vaccine hesitancy 0.06 .811
Other 5.02 .025

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 2.50 .114
Time away from work 5.57 .018
Inability find childcare 1.65 .199
Concern for covid 3.65 .056
Caring for family 3.52 .061
Vaccine hesitancy 1.37 .241
Other 8.89 .003

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 22.88 < .001
Time away from work 4.88 .027
Inability find childcare 8.63 .003
Concern for covid 17.20 < .001
Caring for family 7.59 .006
Vaccine hesitancy 0.81 .367
Other 6.03 .014

Low income

key statistic p.value
Cost 3.01 .083
Time away from work 0.79 .375
Inability find childcare 12.08 .001
Concern for covid 25.86 < .001
Caring for family 17.76 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 3.86 .049
Other 1.26 .262

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Cost 12.10 .007
Time away from work 7.70 .053
Inability find childcare 13.83 .003
Concern for covid 36.01 < .001
Caring for family 23.51 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 16.37 .001
Other 6.15 .105

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Cost 10.62 .014
Time away from work 3.37 .339
Inability find childcare 13.74 .003
Concern for covid 36.94 < .001
Caring for family 29.12 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 14.58 .002
Other 15.66 .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Cost 16.09 .001
Time away from work 2.82 .420
Inability find childcare 21.59 < .001
Concern for covid 39.16 < .001
Caring for family 28.44 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 8.54 .036
Other 6.43 .093

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Cost 5.43 .143
Time away from work 1.90 .593
Inability find childcare 15.41 .001
Concern for covid 28.48 < .001
Caring for family 19.46 < .001
Vaccine hesitancy 5.14 .162
Other 13.22 .004

Basic Needs

Free food (currently)

Do you currently have access to free food for your household? Examples of free food include food pantries and programs, SNAP etc.

Options:

  • Yes \((N = 2630)\)
    • No, but I know where/how I can access free food resources \((N = 1323)\)
    • No, I am not eligible for free food resources \((N = 3580)\)
    • Unsure \((N = 404)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 0.97 .326
No, not eligible 7.08 .008
Unsure 0.60 .438
Yes 10.39 .001

West

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 4.43 .035
No, not eligible 0.11 .741
Unsure 2.45 .118
Yes 0.27 .601

Northeast

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 6.02 .014
No, not eligible 18.41 < .001
Unsure 0.62 .431
Yes 8.80 .003

Midwest

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 1.08 .299
No, not eligible 0.11 .745
Unsure 0.00 > .999
Yes 0.21 .643

Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 2.51 .113
No, not eligible 122.55 < .001
Unsure 0.96 .328
Yes 118.94 < .001

LatinX

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 7.83 .005
No, not eligible 88.60 < .001
Unsure 0.16 .691
Yes 56.06 < .001

Low income

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 5.41 .020
No, not eligible 1065.27 < .001
Unsure 8.41 .004
Yes 1255.73 < .001

Income by Employment

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 14.37 .002
No, not eligible 1132.20 < .001
Unsure 11.41 .010
Yes 1307.82 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 17.18 .001
No, not eligible 1122.24 < .001
Unsure 13.29 .004
Yes 1297.36 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 16.78 .001
No, not eligible 1123.36 < .001
Unsure 8.05 .045
Yes 1288.74 < .001

Income by South

free_food_cat statistic p.value
No, know how 16.78 .001
No, not eligible 1123.36 < .001
Unsure 8.05 .045
Yes 1288.74 < .001

Free Lunch (during-COVID)

Prior to coronavirus (COVID-19), did you get free or reduced lunches for your child(ren)?

Options:

  • Yes, my child(ren) received free or reduced lunches \((N = 1794)\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1565)\)
  • No, my child did not receive free or reduced lunches, but they were available \((N = )\)
  • No, free or reduced lunches were not available for my children \((N = 1794)\)
  • No, but I had planned on getting free or reduced lunches for my children soon \((N = 1487)\)
  • No, I didn’t know how to access this resource \((N = 188)\)
  • Not applicable \((N = 583)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.78 .377
No, didn’t know how 6.76 .009
No, not available 20.90 < .001
No, planned 0.12 .729
Yes 10.07 .002

West

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.13 .145
No, didn’t know how 0.01 .940
No, not available 8.91 .003
No, planned 0.71 .400
Yes 1.18 .277

Northeast

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 5.10 .024
No, didn’t know how 1.35 .246
No, not available 0.61 .437
No, planned 0.51 .474
Yes 6.92 .009

Midwest

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.03 .154
No, didn’t know how 4.29 .038
No, not available 1.58 .209
No, planned 0.48 .488
Yes 0.01 .934

Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.16 .685
No, didn’t know how 0.55 .459
No, not available 16.40 < .001
No, planned 31.54 < .001
Yes 78.29 < .001

LatinX

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.03 .863
No, didn’t know how 0.17 .684
No, not available 8.70 .003
No, planned 55.26 < .001
Yes 96.99 < .001

Low income

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.00 .990
No, didn’t know how 10.25 .001
No, not available 69.65 < .001
No, planned 182.76 < .001
Yes 415.58 < .001
free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.00 .990
No, didn’t know how 10.25 .001
No, not available 69.65 < .001
No, planned 182.76 < .001
Yes 415.58 < .001

Income by Employment

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.25 .522
No, didn’t know how 11.00 .012
No, not available 73.27 < .001
No, planned 205.36 < .001
Yes 444.98 < .001

Income by Black/African American

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 2.38 .498
No, didn’t know how 15.64 .001
No, not available 80.40 < .001
No, planned 198.05 < .001
Yes 448.44 < .001

Income by Latinx

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.41 .938
No, didn’t know how 17.32 .001
No, not available 77.41 < .001
No, planned 219.15 < .001
Yes 470.24 < .001

Income by South

free_lunch_now_cat statistic p.value
N/A 0.41 .938
No, didn’t know how 17.32 .001
No, not available 77.41 < .001
No, planned 219.15 < .001
Yes 470.24 < .001

Paying for basics

In the past month, how hard has it been for you to pay for the very basics like food, housing, medical care, and heating?

Options:

  • Very hard \((N = 580)\)
  • Hard \((N = 982)\)
  • Somewhat hard \((N = )\)
  • Not very hard \((N = 4333)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 26.08 < .001
Somewhat hard 6.50 .011
Hard 2.80 .094
Very hard 10.72 .001

West

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1.91 .167
Somewhat hard 0.29 .588
Hard 0.24 .626
Very hard 5.45 .020

Northeast

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 12.70 < .001
Somewhat hard 2.45 .117
Hard 1.91 .166
Very hard 5.37 .021

Midwest

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 1.40 .236
Somewhat hard 0.82 .366
Hard 1.50 .220
Very hard 0.63 .428

Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 73.89 < .001
Somewhat hard 25.49 < .001
Hard 7.95 .005
Very hard 17.83 < .001

LatinX

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 85.45 < .001
Somewhat hard 35.15 < .001
Hard 15.68 < .001
Very hard 6.65 .010

Low income

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 751.16 < .001
Somewhat hard 154.12 < .001
Hard 207.98 < .001
Very hard 192.91 < .001

Income by Employment

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 867.55 < .001
Somewhat hard 184.59 < .001
Hard 224.65 < .001
Very hard 277.34 < .001

Income by Black/African American

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 793.47 < .001
Somewhat hard 177.31 < .001
Hard 217.47 < .001
Very hard 200.28 < .001

Income by Latinx

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 813.72 < .001
Somewhat hard 179.07 < .001
Hard 230.64 < .001
Very hard 194.90 < .001

Income by South

difficulty_basics_cat statistic p.value
Not very hard 813.72 < .001
Somewhat hard 179.07 < .001
Hard 230.64 < .001
Very hard 194.90 < .001

Which needs

Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

Options:

  • Food \((N = 1741)\)
    • Housing \((N = 1873)\)
    • Utilities (electric, water, trash) \((N = )\)
    • Healthcare \((N = 922)\)
    • Social \((N = 841)\)
    • Emotional \((N = 869)\)
    • Childcare \((N = 775)\)
    • Other \((N = 219)\)

Sample sizes are based on caregiver response at the most recent week of participation.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

key statistic p.value
Food 7.97 .005
House 7.46 .006
Utilities 30.99 < .001
Healthcare 13.94 < .001
Social 0.44 .508
Emotional 2.75 .098
Childcare 5.61 .018
Other 1.69 .193

West

key statistic p.value
Food 0.39 .530
House 0.66 .417
Utilities 10.76 .001
Healthcare 0.04 .840
Social 0.89 .345
Emotional 0.57 .450
Childcare 0.96 .326
Other 0.00 > .999

Northeast

key statistic p.value
Food 13.48 < .001
House 9.48 .002
Utilities 8.09 .004
Healthcare 15.95 < .001
Social 1.34 .247
Emotional 0.62 .430
Childcare 9.82 .002
Other 1.14 .286

Midwest

key statistic p.value
Food 0.45 .501
House 1.67 .196
Utilities 0.09 .764
Healthcare 0.21 .644
Social 0.59 .442
Emotional 0.10 .758
Childcare 1.02 .312
Other 0.16 .689

Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 26.49 < .001
House 21.73 < .001
Utilities 50.80 < .001
Healthcare 0.00 > .999
Social 0.06 .811
Emotional 0.01 .941
Childcare 24.81 < .001
Other 2.21 .137

LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 35.90 < .001
House 46.90 < .001
Utilities 40.39 < .001
Healthcare 11.94 .001
Social 0.06 .809
Emotional 0.03 .871
Childcare 4.10 .043
Other 0.00 .983

Low income

key statistic p.value
Food 261.15 < .001
House 340.39 < .001
Utilities 698.79 < .001
Healthcare 1.36 .243
Social 143.39 < .001
Emotional 177.85 < .001
Childcare 27.34 < .001
Other 74.76 < .001

Income by Employment

key statistic p.value
Food 314.98 < .001
House 441.52 < .001
Utilities 820.66 < .001
Healthcare 30.33 < .001
Social 174.18 < .001
Emotional 206.91 < .001
Childcare 29.54 < .001
Other 83.63 < .001

Income by Black/African American

key statistic p.value
Food 280.21 < .001
House 353.88 < .001
Utilities 727.94 < .001
Healthcare 2.49 .477
Social 151.80 < .001
Emotional 184.61 < .001
Childcare 54.13 < .001
Other 76.36 < .001

Income by LatinX

key statistic p.value
Food 290.08 < .001
House 367.75 < .001
Utilities 719.53 < .001
Healthcare 18.43 < .001
Social 161.43 < .001
Emotional 199.76 < .001
Childcare 37.82 < .001
Other 83.84 < .001

Income by South

key statistic p.value
Food 273.05 < .001
House 354.70 < .001
Utilities 713.27 < .001
Healthcare 13.45 .004
Social 154.09 < .001
Emotional 177.38 < .001
Childcare 31.94 < .001
Other 81.31 < .001

Material hardship

This variables was calculated by adding up the number of needs selected for the following question: Which of these needs have been hard to pay for in the past month? [Select all that apply.]

  • 0 \((N = 4440)\)
    • 1 \((N = 798)\)
    • 2 \((N = 1028)\)
    • 3 \((N = 824)\)
    • 4 \((N = 469)\)
    • 5 \((N = 237)\)
    • 6 \((N = 99)\)
    • 7 \((N = 61)\)
    • 8 \((N = 5)\)

Material hardship censored at 6, given small sample sizes.

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 24.99 < .001
1 1.21 .272
2 6.82 .009
3 4.17 .041
4 1.73 .188
5 0.00 .963
6 4.90 .027

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.84 .175
1 0.26 .610
2 4.45 .035
3 0.02 .894
4 0.22 .641
5 0.85 .356
6 0.87 .351

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 12.77 < .001
1 0.42 .514
2 1.07 .300
3 5.23 .022
4 4.51 .034
5 0.21 .647
6 4.34 .037

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.16 .281
1 1.67 .196
2 0.03 .858
3 0.22 .638
4 0.02 .890
5 0.14 .707
6 0.09 .765

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 75.07 < .001
1 31.00 < .001
2 16.39 < .001
3 6.21 .013
4 1.95 .163
5 1.15 .283
6 4.56 .033

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 82.79 < .001
1 26.60 < .001
2 18.87 < .001
3 16.07 < .001
4 0.09 .761
5 0.50 .480
6 1.85 .174

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 723.83 < .001
1 63.97 < .001
2 165.85 < .001
3 103.43 < .001
4 67.71 < .001
5 28.16 < .001
6 28.38 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 848.96 < .001
1 92.84 < .001
2 201.49 < .001
3 117.55 < .001
4 82.66 < .001
5 44.81 < .001
6 43.86 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 767.39 < .001
1 84.91 < .001
2 173.83 < .001
3 114.12 < .001
4 74.86 < .001
5 30.50 < .001
6 33.65 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.000
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.000
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.564
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.000

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 786.58 < .001
1 82.95 < .001
2 178.56 < .001
3 117.55 < .001
4 71.20 < .001
5 30.41 < .001
6 38.63 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.401
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 786.58 < .001
1 82.95 < .001
2 178.56 < .001
3 117.55 < .001
4 71.20 < .001
5 30.41 < .001
6 38.63 < .001

Material hardship dichotomized

For these analyses, we censor responses at 1 (creating a 1+ category).

Overall

Over time

By region

All regions

South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 24.99 < .001
1+ 24.99 < .001

West

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.84 .175
1+ 1.84 .175

Northeast

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 12.77 < .001
1+ 12.77 < .001

Midwest

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 1.16 .281
1+ 1.16 .281

Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 75.07 < .001
1+ 75.07 < .001

LatinX

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 82.79 < .001
1+ 82.79 < .001

Low income

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 723.83 < .001
1+ 723.83 < .001

Income by Employment

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 848.96 < .001
1+ 848.96 < .001

Income by Black/African American

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 767.39 < .001
1+ 767.39 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.00
Non-black, High Income Black, High Income 0.00
Non-black, Low Income Black, High Income 0.00
Non-black, High Income Black, Low Income 0.00
Non-black, Low Income Black, Low Income 0.41
Non-black, Low Income Non-black, High Income 0.00

Income by Latinx

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 786.58 < .001
1+ 786.58 < .001
Pairwise t-tests with a Holm correction
group1 group2 p.value
Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, High Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, High Income Latinx, Low Income 0.000
Non-Latinx, Low Income Latinx, Low Income 0.356
Non-Latinx, Low Income Non-Latinx, High Income 0.000

Income by South

material_hardship statistic p.value
0 786.58 < .001
1+ 786.58 < .001